電(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)展(zhan)史從其(qi)主(zhu)流來(lai)看(kan)有(you)兩個歷史時期：一(yi)次電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

截止目前，這兩個歷史(shi)時(shi)期(qi)又各自劃分(fen)為(wei)不(bu)同的階段：一次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)有(you)碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、堿(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)有(you)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳(nie)(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳(nie)(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。其中(zhong)，鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)獨成體系，鎳(nie)(nie)鎘/鎳(nie)(nie)氫/鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)則具有(you)技術上的傳承性和時(shi)間(jian)上的繼起性。

鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的一種(zhong)，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)還包括(kuo)鋰(li)原電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)（鋰(li)金屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)），由(you)于鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)應用(yong)的廣(guang)泛性，在(zai)日常話語體系中，人們(men)習慣用(yong)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)來指代(dai)鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，弄清楚(chu)鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的區(qu)別有(you)利于明白當前(qian)和(he)未來電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)技(ji)術(shu)發展方向(xiang)，有(you)助于認識當今世界電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)行業現狀，相對于比較鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的區(qu)別更有(you)代(dai)表性。

鋰(li)電池(chi)作為一種電池(chi)理念(nian)的出(chu)現(xian)并(bing)不晚于(yu)鎳鎘電池(chi)，但其實用(yong)化之(zhi)所以姍(shan)(shan)姍(shan)(shan)來遲，緣于(yu)鋰(li)元素的化學性(xing)質活躍(yue)，使其在(zai)生產、使用(yong)和運(yun)輸中都存(cun)在(zai)安全隱(yin)患。在(zai)依賴科技(ji)(ji)進(jin)步逐漸(jian)緩解(jie)上(shang)述壓(ya)力的情況下，鋰(li)電池(chi)已經成為當(dang)代電池(chi)技(ji)(ji)術的主(zhu)流。

在實踐中，鋰電池實際上是以逐步取得對鎳(nie)氫(qing)電池的優勢而發展起(qi)來的。歸納起(qi)來，總的優勢就(jiu)是便利和(he)耐用(yong)。

下面具體看下鋰電池和鎳氫電池的比較：

1. 能量密度大：鎳(nie)氫(qing)電池的(de)體積介(jie)于鎳(nie)鎘電池和鋰電池之間，這(zhe)一點(dian)就(jiu)看出了鎳(nie)氫(qing)電池的(de)過渡產品性質，由于能量(liang)密度(du)不一樣，即(ji)相(xiang)同體積能夠儲存的(de)能量(liang)，鋰電池是(shi)鎳(nie)氫(qing)電池的(de)3倍。

2. 自放電：自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就是指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在不使(shi)用狀(zhuang)態時，會自(zi)己損失(shi)掉的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)都(dou)不大，但(dan)鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)普遍存(cun)在，自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過大會使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用時間縮短，壽命提前終止。因而(er)在大約(yue)十年前左右(you)，低(di)自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)曾經是鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)促銷的一個(ge)亮點，而(er)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可以(yi)忽略不計，這是兩(liang)者所用原料導(dao)致化學性能的天然(ran)差異。

3. 無記憶效應：鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)記(ji)(ji)憶(yi)效應明顯。人的(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)憶(yi)就是(shi)(shi)大腦(nao)里留下印象，鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也是(shi)(shi)如此(ci)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不完全或(huo)者(zhe)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不滿足(zu)，時間(jian)久了就會(hui)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)只記(ji)(ji)得那個(ge)不完全和不滿足(zu)的(de)(de)狀態，應用(yong)上的(de)(de)表現就是(shi)(shi)容量衰減。而鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)則沒(mei)有這種特征。因此(ci)，鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每過一(yi)段(duan)時間(jian)要徹(che)底(di)做一(yi)次深度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，以清除留下的(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)憶(yi)，這類似對人的(de)(de)洗腦(nao)。鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)則可隨時充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)隨時用(yong)，所以，鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)“快樂的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”，我們使用(yong)者(zhe)也快樂。

4. 充放電平臺高。單(dan)體(ti)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓是3.6V，單(dan)體(ti)鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei)1.2V，前者為(wei)(wei)后者的(de)(de)3倍。鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)是設(she)置了(le)一(yi)個終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，通(tong)常(chang)為(wei)(wei)單(dan)體(ti)4.2V，鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)沒有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)升降。鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)叫做限壓限流(liu)法(fa)(fa)（壓指(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，流(liu)指(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，即(ji)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)設(she)定一(yi)個上下限）充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，而鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓平(ping)臺低，通(tong)常(chang)采(cai)用(yong)恒流(liu)（一(yi)個不變的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)）充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。由于充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)不一(yi)樣，所以，鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)和鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是不能混用(yong)的(de)(de)。

5. 規格專一。市面上常(chang)常(chang)聽到異型(xing)鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)稱(cheng)謂，而(er)(er)很少聽到異型(xing)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。這是(shi)由于(yu)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)目(mu)前主要是(shi)在市場(chang)容量大的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品上應用(yong)，如果應用(yong)于(yu)容量小的(de)(de)市場(chang)，不(bu)光是(shi)技(ji)術(shu)，而(er)(er)且(qie)分(fen)攤成本大也很成問(wen)(wen)題。但是(shi)技(ji)術(shu)和(he)市場(chang)規模(mo)問(wen)(wen)題也在改(gai)善，鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)行業(ye)內有些企業(ye)已經在嘗試(shi)著(zhu)以(yi)積極的(de)(de)心態進入(ru)鋰電(dian)(dian)應用(yong)新領域(yu)，如，原是(shi)一家鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)定制(zhi)廠家的(de)(de)東莞市鉅大電(dian)(dian)子有限公(gong)司(si)正在開展特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)芯的(de)(de)研發和(he)生產(chan)(chan)，正是(shi)順應這一潮(chao)流的(de)(de)具體措(cuo)施，相(xiang)信不(bu)久的(de)(de)將來(lai)類似的(de)(de)做法會成為(wei)行業(ye)內的(de)(de)普遍現象(xiang)之一。

從上(shang)述五個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)比較鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池和鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)區別，均表現為鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)優(you)勢，不過(guo)，電(dian)(dian)池產品的(de)不同形(xing)態(tai)因(yin)其(qi)化學性能不同都有自己存在(zai)的(de)必然性，使其(qi)不會(hui)被別的(de)電(dian)(dian)池形(xing)態(tai)完全取(qu)代，碳電(dian)(dian)堿電(dian)(dian)如此，鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池也(ye)是(shi)如此。比如在(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)流瞬(shun)間放電(dian)(dian)領(ling)域，鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池就比鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池更勝一籌，這些領(ling)域包括(kuo)醫療(liao)器械、應(ying)急設備、電(dian)(dian)動工具等。在(zai)較大(da)型(xing)的(de)應(ying)用方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)，鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池也(ye)可用于新能源(yuan)混合(he)動力車，當然，這方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)研究還有待突破。